This study reconstructs the theoretical logic of international education governance under globalization and China's strategic path from educational philosophy and governance ethics perspectives. Analyzing governance models of the US (value export), Germany (public responsibility), and South Korea (state-led approach), it identifies China's core challenges: fragmented governance, unidirectional cultural dissemination, inadequate quality assessment, and weak global discourse power. Proposing a tripartite strategy—"system coordination, cultural integration, rule co-construction"—it advocates cross-departmental policy integration, bidirectional cultural exchange (beyond one-way export), internationally aligned quality certification, and enhanced educational public goods provision via the Belt and Road Initiative. Transcending technical governance paradigms, this work offers a theoretical framework balancing national sovereignty with global responsibility for China's distinctive international education governance system.